Corresponding Web Notes: Nuclear Power - Small Modular Reactors
( pptx
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Under
Construction 2025
Relevant Governmental
Organizations:
DOE - Department of Energy,
United States (link)
NRC - Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, United States (link)
IAEA - International Atomic
Energy Administration, United Nations (link)
NEA - Nuclear Energy Agency,
Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (link)
Setting the Stage: Commercial
Failure of "Gen III" AP1000 Nuclear Reactors
Overviews:
AP1000 Overview - AP1000 Technology Chapter 1.0, Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (link
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copy)
AP1000 Overview Slides, Westinghouse 2011 / IAEA download (link
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AP1000, Wikipedia 2025 (link
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Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Wikipedia 2025 (link
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Blow-by-blow History:
New Nukes, MIT Technology Review 2008 (link
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A Bittersweet Milestone for the World's Safest Nuclear
Reactors, IEEE Spectrum 2017 (link
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Cost to Complete Vogtle AP1000 Nuclear Units Could Balloon to
$20 Billion, PowerMag 2017 (link
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Will AP1000 Reactor Projects be Completed and Will More Be
Built? Wiseinternational_org 2017 (link
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How Two Cutting Edge U.S. Nuclear Projects Bankrupted
Westinghouse, Reuters 2017 (link
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Safety Problems Again Delay China's Sanmen Westinghouse AP1000
Nuclear Energy Project, CleanTechnica 2018 (link
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How the Vogtle Nuclear Expansion’s Costs Escalated, PowerMag
2018 (link
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China Ditches U.S. Nuclear Technology in Favour of Home-Grown
Alternative, Worldnuclearreport_org 2020 (link
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U.S. Attorney Details Illegal Acts in Construction Projects
Sealing the Fate of the Nuclear Renaissance, Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists 2021 (link
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Vogtle Project Update: Cost Likely to Top $30 Billion, American
Nuclear Society 2022 (link
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Overnight Capital Cost of the AP1000, MIT Dept of Nuc Sci &
Eng 2022 (link
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AP1000 Remains Attractive Option for U.S. Market Says MIT,
World_Nuclear_News 2022 (link
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Further Delay in Startup of Vogtle AP1000s, World-nuclear-news
2022 (link
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Timeline: How Georgia and South Carolina Nuclear Reactors Ran
so far off Course, AP News 2023 (link
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What Vogtle's Stumbling Finish Means for U.S. Nuclear Energy,
E&E News by Politico 2023 (link
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Vogtle Unit 4 In-Service Date Pushed Back Due To Fault In
Reactor Coolant Pump, Nucnet_org 2023 (link
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Vogtle's Troubles Bring U.S. Nuclear Challenge into Focus,
Reuters 2023 (link
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Vogtle 4 Start-up Moved to 2024, World-nuclear-news 2023 (link
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Georgia Nuclear Rebirth Arrives 7 Years Late, $17B Over Cost,
AP News 2023 (link
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Georgia's Plant Vogtle is a $35B Boondoggle, UtilityDive 2023 (link
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We've Only Just Begun . . . the Journey Ahead for Vogtle’s
AP1000s, Medium_com 2024 (link
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Might Small Modular
Reactors be the Answer?
Small Modular Reactor, Wikipedia (link
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The Next Nuclear Plants Will Be Small Svelte and Safer, Wired
2019 - (link
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So What Exactly Are Small Modular Nuclear Reactors?
GreenTechMedia 2020 (link
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What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), IAEA 2023
(link
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Small Nuclear Power Reactors, World Nuclear
Association 2023 (link
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Policy Paper: Advanced Nuclear Technologies, U.K.
Government 2024 (link
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SMRs and Their Role as Nuclear Energy
Gamechangers, Energy Magazine 2025 (link
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Idaho National Laboratory - Advanced Small Modular Reactors,
Idaho National Laboratory 2025 (link
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Microreactors, Idaho National Laboratory 2025 (link
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Proliferation of
Proposals vs. Zero Real World Experience
Lists of Small Modular Reactor
Projects & Designs
List of Small Modular Reactor Designs, Wikipedia (link
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cached copy)
Small Modular Reactor Dashboard - Second Edition 2024, Nuclear
Energy Agency (link
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Small Modular Reactor Dashboard - Second Edition 2024 -
References, Nuclear Energy Agency (link
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NEA Dashboard's Figure 17:
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Operating SMRs: NONE
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Under Construction: Palest
Green
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Design Only: All Else
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Getting into the
Details
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA):
Design Safety Considerations for Water Cooled Small Modular
Reactors Incorporating Lessons Learned from the Fukushima
Daiichi Accident, IAEA 2016 (link
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Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments, IAEA
2020 (link
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Benefits and Challenges of Small Modular Fast Reactors, IAEA
2021 (link
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Considerations for Environmental Impact Assessment for Small
Modular Reactors, IAEA 2021 (link
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Technology Roadmap for Small Modular Reactor Deployment - IAEA
2021 (link
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Lessons Learned in Regulating Small Modular Reactors - IAEA
2022 (link
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Applicability of IAEA Safety Standards to Non-Water Cooled
Reactors and Small Modular Reactors, IAEA 2023 (link
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Considerations for the Back End of the Fuel Cycle of Small
Modular Reactors, IAEA 2023 (link
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Application of the Principle of Defence in Depth in Nuclear
Safety to Small Modular Reactors, IAEA 2024 (link
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Small Modular Reactors - Advances in SMR Developments, IAEA
2024 (link
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Small Modular Reactors (introductory webpage), IAEA 2025 (link
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Gen IV International Forum (GIF):
GIF Homepage (link / cached
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About GIF (link
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Introductions to GIF's Six Targeted SMR
Technologies (GIF webpage & figure + Wikipedia webpage):
Small-modular-reactors.org:
List of 20 SMR Companies, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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Reactor Physics, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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Small Modular Reactors - About, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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Types of Small Modular Reactors, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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MIT Technology Review:
We Were Promised Smaller Nuclear Reactors - Where are they?
MIT Technology Review 2023 (link
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Whats Next for Nuclear Power? MIT Technology Review 2025 - (link
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Union of Concerned Scientists:
Small Modular Reactors, Union of Concerned Scientists 2013 (link
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Small Isn't Always Beautiful, Union of Concerned Scientists
2013 (link
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Advanced Isn't Always Better, Union of Concerned Scientists
2021 (link
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Five Things the “Nuclear Bros” Don’t Want You to Know About
Small Modular Reactors - Union of Concerned Scientists 2024 (link
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Other Articles:
The Countries Building Miniature Nuclear Reactors, BBC 2020 (link
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Five of the World's Leading Small Modular Reactor Companies,
C3newsmag_com 2023 (link
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Bad guys and bombs - The Nuclear Risks of Small Modular
Reactors, Canada's National Observer 2023 (link
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Europe's SMR Alliance Endorses Nine Nuclear Projects in Push
for 2030's Deployment, PowerMag 2024 (link
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Europe's SMR Alliance Endorses Nine Nuclear Projects in Push
for 2030's Deployment, PowerMag 2024 (link
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SMRs and Their Role as Nuclear Energy Gamechangers, Energy
Magazine 2025 (link
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Lessons from Past
Nuclear Accidents?
Sodium Cooled
Reactors:
Sodium Reactor Experiment, Wikipedia (link
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Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 1 -
Literature Review - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 2 - PIRT
Results - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 3 -
Experimental and Modeling Results - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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50 Years After America's Worst Nuclear Meltdown, EnviroReporter
2009 (link
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Nuclear Plant Accidents: Sodium Reactor Experiment, Union of
Concerned Scientists 2016 (link
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Radiation Requiem - 60 Years After America's Worst Nuclear
Meltdown, EnviroReporter 2019 (link
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America's Worst Nuclear Disaster Was in California - Who Knew?
Engineering_com 2020 (link
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Graphite
Moderated Reactors:
Windscale Fire (and meltdown of two UK reactors in1957),
Wikipedia (link
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Chernobyl Disaster, Wikipedia (link
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Nuclear Graphite, Wikipedia (link
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Phenomenology of Graphite Burning in Air Ingress - Moormann
2011 (link
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Reactors without Passive
Cooling & Shutdown:
Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Wikipedia (link
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Loss-of-coolant Accident, Wikipedia (link
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Passive Nuclear Safety, Wikipedia (link
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Passive Safety Systems and Natural Circulation in Water Cooled
Nuclear Power Plants, IAEA 2009 (link
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Small Modular Reactors: Assessing the Passive Safety Advantage,
InnovationNewsNetwork 2024 (link
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Specific SMR Designs:
Details drawn from the NEA's 2024 Small
Modular Reactor Dashboard (link
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Proposed SMR Fuels:
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LEU = Low Enriched
Uranium (3-5%) HALEU = High-assay LEU (5-20%)
HEU = Highly Enriched Uranium (>20%)
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SMR's in operation worldwide:
None
SMRs under construction in the West:
CAREM / CNEA (PWR -
Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
CAREM - Wikipedia (link
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CAREM Prototype Construction and Licensing Status, IAEA (link
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Argentina Carries Torch for SMR Construction, American
Nuclear Society - NuclearNewswire 2014 (link
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CAREM: Argentina's Innovative SMR, Nuclear Engineering
International 2014 (link
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CAREM25, SMR Design and Technology Development in Argentina
and Status of the Construction of CAREM25 Prototype, IAEA 2019
(link
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Construction of Argentina's CAREM-25 Unit to Restart, World
Nuclear News 2021.pdf (link
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Argentina's CAREM-25 SMR Faces Setbacks, Nuclear Engineering
International 2024 (link
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CAREM SMR Argentinean Nuclear Power Plant - Argentina_gob_ar
2024 (link
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Licensed SMRs:
VOGYR / NuScale (PWR -
Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
NuScale Power, Wikipedia (link
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NuScale Plant Design Overview, NRC 2012 (link
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Safety and Security Concerns about Small Modular Reactors -
NuScale's Design, Union of Concerned Scientists 2013 (link
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NuScale Small Modular Reactor Overview, Nuscale - IAEA
download 2019 (link
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Nation's First Small Modular Reactor Plant to Power Nuclear
Research at Idaho National Laboratory - DOE 2019 (link
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NuScale Small Modular Nuclear Reactor Moves Another Step
Forward, Forbes Magazine 2021 (link
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Nuscale Small Modular Rector Fact Sheet, NuScale 2022 (link
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NRC Certifies First U.S. Small Modular Reactor Design, DOE
2023 (link
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Questions for NuScale VOYGR Reactor Certification,
Environmental Working Group 2023 (link
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Small Size, Big Problems: NuScale's Troublesome Small Modular
Nuclear Reactor Plan, Environmental Working Group 2023 (link
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SMART100 / KAERI (PWR -
Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
South Korea's SMART SMR Gets New Life, Neutron Bytes 2020 (link
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Enhanced Safety Characteristics of SMART100 Adopting Passive
Safety Systems, J. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2021 (link
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Current Status of the SMART100 Standard Design Approval,
Trans. Korean Nuc. Soc. Safety Mtg. 2022 (link
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South Korean SMR Design Approved by Regulator, World Nuclear
News 2024 (link
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SMRs undergoing Licensing Review:
SMR-300 / Holtec International (PWR
- Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
Holtec International, Wikipedia (link
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Holtec’s SMR-300: A 300-MWe Walk-Away-Safe Nuclear Reactor,
Holtec (link
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SMR-300: The Next Generation Fission Reactor, Holtec Brochure
2023 (link
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Rolls Royce SMR / Rolls Royce
(PWR - Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
Rolls-Royce SMR, Wikipedia (link
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Our Technology, Rolls-Royce (link
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Rolls-Royce SMR Faces Financial Problems, Nuclear Engineering
International 2023 (link
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Czech Republic Selects Rolls-Royce SMR for Small Reactors
Project, World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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Facility to Demonstrate Rolls-Royce SMR Module Production,
World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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SMRs at only Detailed Design stage:
ARC-100 / ARC Nuclear
(SFR - Sodium Cooled Fast Neutron Reactor):
ARC-100 Technical Overview,ARC Cleantech 2023 (link
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ARC-100 Passes Canadian Pre-licensing Milestone, World
Nuclear News 2019 (link
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BWRX-300 / GE Hitachi
(BWR - Boiling Water Cooled Reactor):
BWRX-300, Wikipedia (link
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BWRX-300 Small Modular Reactor - GE Hitachi (link
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BWRX-300 General Description - GE Hitachi 2023 (link
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BWRX-300 Completes Phases 1 and 2 of Canadian Pre-licensing
Review, World Nuclear News 2023 (link
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eVinci / Westinghouse (HPR
- Heat Pipe Cooled Reactor):
eVinci Microreactor, Westinghouse Nuclear (link
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eVinci Microreactor - The Next Generation Nuclear Research
Reactor, Westinghouse (link
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Executive Summary of the eVinci Micro-Reactor Deployment in
Mining and Remote Canadian Communities Feasibility Studies,
Westinghouse & Bruce Power 2021 (link
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Westinghouse micro-reactor feasible option for Canada, study
finds, World Nuclear News 2021 (link
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Westinghouse Secures First Customer for eVinci Nuclear
Microreactor, PowerMag 2023 (link
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The eVinci Microreactor: Power in Small Packages, Nuclear
Engineering International 2024 (link
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SSR-W / Moltex Energy (Molten
Salt Cooled Reactor):
Stable Salt Reactor, Wikipedia (link
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Waste Burning Burning Performance of the Moltex SSR-W,
Conference Paper, Moltex 2024 (link
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Moltex Reactor Can Consume Used Fuel, Research Confirms,
World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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4S / Toshiba (SFR -
Sodium Cooled Fast Neutron Reactor):
Toshiba 4S - Wikipedia (link
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Pursuing Next-Generation and Advanced Reactors with Enhanced
Safety, Toshiba (link
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Toshiba 4S Reactor Super-Safe Small and Simple, Toshiba
Presentation to the NRC 2007 (link
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Under The Hood With Duncan Williams - Toshiba 4S, Nuclear
Street 2010 (link
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AP300 / Westinghouse (PWR
- Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
Interest in Westinghouse AP300 Small Modular Reactor &
AP1000 Technology Surging in Europe as Slovakia Begins
Deployment Discussions, Westinghouse 2023 (link
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U.S. Firm Unveils Game-Changing Small Nuclear Reactor that
Can Power 300,000 homes, InterestingEngineering.com 2023 (link
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Westinghouse Unveils the AP300 - A Miniaturized AP1000 Small
Modular Nuclear Reactor, PowerMag 2023 (link
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Westinghouse Unveils Small Modular Nuclear Reactor, Reuters
2023 (link
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Bandi-60 / KEPCO (PWR -
Pressurized Water Cooled Reactor):
Development of BANDI-60S for a Floating Nuclear Power Plant,
Trans. Korean Nuc. Soc. Mtg., New Tech. Bus. Group 2019 (link
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Kepco E&C Teams up with Shipbuilder for Floating
Reactors, World Nuclear News 2020 (link
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BANDI-60 - Technology Features and Deployment Pathway, Kepco
presentation to IAEA 2021 (link
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ABS Approves Korean SMR Power Barge Design, World Nuclear
News 2023 (link
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IMSR400 / Terrestrial Energy
(MSR - Molten Salt Cooled Reactor):
Integral Molten Salt Reactor (Terrestrial Energy), Wikipedia
(link
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Integral Molten Salt Reactor, Terrestrial Energy (link
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The IMSR Plant Uses Demonstrated Molten Salt Reactor
Technology with Patented Enhancements for Commercial-scale
Thermal and Electrical Energy Generation, Terrestrial Energy (link
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Terrestrial Energy Launches 390-MW Molten Salt Nuclear
Reactor Design, PowerMag 2021 (link
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PRISM / GE Hitachi (FBR -
Fast Neutron Breeder Reactor):
PRISM (reactor), Wikipedia (link
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PRISM: A Competitive Small Modular Sodium-Cooled Reactor, GE
Hitachi 2010 (link
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How PRISM Works, GE Hitachi (link
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PRISM: A Promising Near-Term Reactor Option, PowerMag 2011 (link
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PRISM: Waste Not Want Not, Nuclear Engineering International
2017 (link
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PRISM Selected for U.S. Test Reactor Programme, World Nuclear
News 2018 (link
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