Corresponding Web Notes: Nuclear Power - Small Modular Reactors
( pptx
/ pdf
/ key)
Under
Construction 2025
Relevant Governmental
Organizations:
DOE - Department of Energy,
United States (link)
NRC - Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, United States (link)
IAEA - International Atomic
Energy Administration, United Nations (link)
NEA - Nuclear Energy Agency,
Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (link)
Setting the Stage - Part I: Commercial
Failure of "Gen III" AP1000 Nuclear Reactors
Overviews:
AP1000 Overview - AP1000 Technology Chapter 1.0, Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (link
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copy)
AP1000 Overview Slides, Westinghouse 2011 / IAEA download (link
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copy)
AP1000, Wikipedia 2025 (link
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copy)
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Wikipedia 2025 (link
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copy)
Blow-by-blow History:
New Nukes, MIT Technology Review 2008 (link
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copy)
A Bittersweet Milestone for the World's Safest Nuclear
Reactors, IEEE Spectrum 2017 (link
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copy)
Cost to Complete Vogtle AP1000 Nuclear Units Could Balloon to
$20 Billion, PowerMag 2017 (link
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copy)
Will AP1000 Reactor Projects be Completed and Will More Be
Built? Wiseinternational.org 2017 (link
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copy)
How Two Cutting Edge U.S. Nuclear Projects Bankrupted
Westinghouse, Reuters 2017 (link
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copy)
Safety Problems Again Delay China's Sanmen Westinghouse AP1000
Nuclear Energy Project, CleanTechnica 2018 (link
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copy)
How the Vogtle Nuclear Expansion’s Costs Escalated, PowerMag
2018 (link
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copy)
China Ditches U.S. Nuclear Technology in Favour of Home-Grown
Alternative, WorldNuclearReport.org 2020 (link
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copy)
U.S. Attorney Details Illegal Acts in Construction Projects
Sealing the Fate of the Nuclear Renaissance, Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists 2021 (link
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copy)
Vogtle Project Update: Cost Likely to Top $30 Billion, American
Nuclear Society 2022 (link
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copy)
Overnight Capital Cost of the AP1000, MIT Dept. of Nuclear Science &
Engineering 2022 (link
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copy)
AP1000 Remains Attractive Option for U.S. Market Says MIT,
World Nuclear News 2022 (link
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copy)
Further Delay in Startup of Vogtle AP1000s, World Nuclear News
2022 (link
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copy)
Timeline: How Georgia and South Carolina Nuclear Reactors Ran
so far off Course, AP News 2023 (link
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copy)
What Vogtle's Stumbling Finish Means for U.S. Nuclear Energy,
E&E News by Politico 2023 (link
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copy)
Vogtle Unit 4 In-Service Date Pushed Back Due To Fault In
Reactor Coolant Pump, NucNet.org 2023 (link
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Vogtle's Troubles Bring U.S. Nuclear Challenge into Focus,
Reuters 2023 (link
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Vogtle 4 Start-up Moved to 2024, World Nuclear News 2023 (link
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copy)
Georgia Nuclear Rebirth Arrives 7 Years Late, $17B Over Cost,
AP News 2023 (link
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Georgia's Plant Vogtle is a $35B Boondoggle, Utility Dive 2023 (link
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We've Only Just Begun . . . the Journey Ahead for Vogtle’s
AP1000s, Medium.com 2024 (link
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copy)
Setting the Stage - Part II: Lessons from Past
Nuclear Accidents
Sodium Cooled
Reactor Fires & Meltdowns:
Sodium Reactor Experiment, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 1 -
Literature Review - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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copy)
Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 2 - PIRT
Results - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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copy)
Metal Fire Implications for Advanced Reactors - Part 3 -
Experimental and Modeling Results - Sandia National Lab 2007 (link
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copy)
50 Years After America's Worst Nuclear Meltdown, EnviroReporter
2009 (link
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copy)
Nuclear Plant Accidents: Sodium Reactor Experiment, Union of
Concerned Scientists 2016 (link
/
cached copy)
Radiation Requiem - 60 Years After America's Worst Nuclear
Meltdown, EnviroReporter 2019 (link
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cached copy)
America's Worst Nuclear Disaster Was in California - Who Knew?
Engineering_com 2020 (link
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copy)
As echoed in the 1995 sodium fire at Japan's Monju Nuclear Power Plant (link
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copy)
Graphite
Moderated Reactor Fires & Meltdowns:
Windscale Fire (and meltdown of two UK reactors in 1957),
Wikipedia (link
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copy)
When Windscale Burned, Nuclear Engineering International 2007 (link
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copy)
Report on the Accident at Windscale No. 1 Pile on 10 October 1957, W. Penney et al., Journal of Radiological Protection 37(3) p780 2017
(link
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copy)
Chernobyl Disaster, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
The Chernobyl Accident - International Nuclear Safety Advisory
Group - 1992 (link
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copy)
Chernobyl Accident - World Nuclear Organization - Updated 2014
(link
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copy)
Three Decades after Chernobyl - Technical or Human Causes, The
Technological and Economic Future of Nuclear Power, 2019 (link
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copy)
Nuclear Graphite, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Phenomenology of Graphite Burning in Air Ingress - Moormann
2011 (link
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copy)
Meltdowns due to Failure of "Active" (powered) Reactor Cooldown Systems:
Three Mile Island Accident, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Report of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three
Mile Island, 1979 (link
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copy)
Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
My analysis of Three Mile Island and Fukushima Disasters in the noteset: But they blow up!
(pptx
/ pdf
/ key)
Loss-of-coolant Accident, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Passive Nuclear Safety, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Passive Safety Systems and Natural Circulation in Water Cooled
Nuclear Power Plants, IAEA 2009 (link
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copy)
Might Small Modular
Reactors (SMRs) be the Answer?
Small Modular Reactor, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
The Next Nuclear Plants Will Be Small Svelte and Safer, Wired
2019 (link
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What Should I Do if a Small Modular Reactor Loses Off-Site Power? Absolutely Nothing!, U.S. Department of Energy 2020 (link
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So What Exactly Are Small Modular Nuclear Reactors?
GreenTechMedia 2020 (link
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copy)
What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), IAEA 2023
(link
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copy)
Small Nuclear Power Reactors, World Nuclear
Association 2023 (link
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copy)
Policy Paper: Advanced Nuclear Technologies, U.K.
Government 2024 (link
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copy)
SMRs and Their Role as Nuclear Energy
Gamechangers, Energy Magazine 2025 (link
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copy)
Idaho National Laboratory - Advanced Small Modular Reactors,
Idaho National Laboratory 2025 (link
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Microreactors, Idaho National Laboratory 2025 (link
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copy)
Could Built-in "Passive" (unpowered) Cooling Shut Down SMRs?
Key Terms: Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) & Loss of Cooling Accident (LOCA)
Small Modular Reactors: Assessing the Passive Safety Advantage (plain language overview in the technical press),
InnovationNewsNetwork 2024 (link
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LOCA-type Scenario Simulation for NuScale-SMR, Conference Paper 2019 - via Research Gate
(link
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Report on the Safety Aspects of the NuScale Small Modular Reactor, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2020
(link
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Natural Convection and Passive Cooling, Nuclear Heat Transfer and Passive Cooling, Volume 3, December 2021
(link
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Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments - Supplement to IAEA Advanced Reactors Information System - ARIS, IAEA 2022
(link
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Unique Safety Features and Licensing Requirements of the NuScale Small Modular Reactor, Frontiers in Energy Research 2023 - via Research Gate
(link
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Evaluating Direct Vessel Injection Accident-Event Progression of AP1000 and Key Figures of Merit to Support the Design and Development of Water-Cooled Small Modular Reactors, Idaho National Lab 2024
(link
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Lessons Learned for Design of ECCS Valve obtained from NRC Design Review (for NuScale SMR) - Korean Nuc Soc - 2024
(link
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Advanced Nuclear Power Feasibility Report, Florida Public Service Commission 2025
(link
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The lack of non-paywalled / publicly-available SMR safety studies (for all except the NuScale SMR):
Results of a web search
(cached copy)
Pay-per-view webpage for a single "Science Direct" Elsevier publication
(cached copy)
For profit publishers vs. the public's need-to-know:
The Cost of Knowledge, Wikipedia
(link
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Elsevier Clamps Down on Academics Posting their own Papers Online, WIRED 2013
(link
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6 Major Academic Publishers Face Antitrust Lawsuit, Higher Ed Dive 2024
(link
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Academic Publishing is a Multibillion-Dollar Industry - It’s Not Always Good for Science, The Conversation 2025
(link
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The preemptive campaign to weaken nuclear safety standards for SMRs:
States and Startups Are Suing the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Wired April 2025
(link
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"The lawsuit argues that by mandating a cumbersome licensing process for all types of reactors - including those
that are safer because of their size" (i.e., SMRs) "the NRC is both violating the Atomic Energy Act and stifling progress."
Proliferation of
Proposals vs. Zero Real World Experience
Lists of Small Modular Reactor
Projects & Designs
List of Small Modular Reactor Designs, Wikipedia (link
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cached copy)
Small Modular Reactor Dashboard - Second Edition 2024, Nuclear
Energy Agency (link
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copy)
Small Modular Reactor Dashboard - Second Edition 2024 -
References, Nuclear Energy Agency (link
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copy)
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NEA Dashboard's Figure 17:
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Operating SMRs: NONE
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Under Construction: Palest
Green
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Design Only: All Else
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Getting into the
Details
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA):
Design Safety Considerations for Water Cooled Small Modular
Reactors Incorporating Lessons Learned from the Fukushima
Daiichi Accident, IAEA 2016 (link
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copy)
Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments, IAEA
2020 (link
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copy)
Benefits and Challenges of Small Modular Fast Reactors, IAEA
2021 (link
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copy)
Considerations for Environmental Impact Assessment for Small
Modular Reactors, IAEA 2021 (link
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copy)
Technology Roadmap for Small Modular Reactor Deployment - IAEA
2021 (link
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copy)
Lessons Learned in Regulating Small Modular Reactors - IAEA
2022 (link
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Applicability of IAEA Safety Standards to Non-Water Cooled
Reactors and Small Modular Reactors, IAEA 2023 (link
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copy)
Considerations for the Back End of the Fuel Cycle of Small
Modular Reactors, IAEA 2023 (link
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Application of the Principle of Defence in Depth in Nuclear
Safety to Small Modular Reactors, IAEA 2024 (link
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copy)
Small Modular Reactors - Advances in SMR Developments, IAEA
2024 (link
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Small Modular Reactors (introductory webpage), IAEA 2025 (link
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copy)
Gen IV International Forum (GIF):
GIF Homepage (link / cached
copy)
About GIF (link
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Introductions to GIF's Six Targeted SMR Technologies
(GIF webpage & figure, Wikipedia webpage, and governmental presentation or report - if found):
Small-modular-reactors.org:
List of 20 SMR Companies, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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copy)
Reactor Physics, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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Small Modular Reactors - About, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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Types of Small Modular Reactors, Small-modular-reactors.org (link
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MIT Technology Review:
We Were Promised Smaller Nuclear Reactors - Where are they?
MIT Technology Review 2023 (link
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Whats Next for Nuclear Power? MIT Technology Review 2025 - (link
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Union of Concerned Scientists:
Small Modular Reactors, Union of Concerned Scientists 2013 (link
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Small Isn't Always Beautiful, Union of Concerned Scientists
2013 (link
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Advanced Isn't Always Better, Union of Concerned Scientists
2021 (link
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Five Things the “Nuclear Bros” Don’t Want You to Know About
Small Modular Reactors - Union of Concerned Scientists 2024 (link
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Other Articles:
The Countries Building Miniature Nuclear Reactors, BBC 2020 (link
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copy)
Five of the World's Leading Small Modular Reactor Companies,
C3newsmag_com 2023 (link
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copy)
Bad guys and bombs - The Nuclear Risks of Small Modular
Reactors, Canada's National Observer 2023 (link
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copy)
Europe's SMR Alliance Endorses Nine Nuclear Projects in Push
for 2030's Deployment, PowerMag 2024 (link
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copy)
SMRs and their Role as Nuclear Energy Gamechangers, Energy
Magazine 2025 (link
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copy)
Specific SMR Designs:
Details drawn from the NEA's 2024 Small
Modular Reactor Dashboard (link
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copy) and references that follow
Proposed SMR Fuels:
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LEU = Low Enriched
Uranium (3-5%) HALEU = High-assay LEU (5-20%)
HEU = Highly Enriched Uranium (>20%)
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SMRs in operation worldwide:
None
SMRs under construction in the West:
CAREM / CNEA (PWR -
Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
CAREM - Wikipedia (link
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copy)
CAREM Prototype Construction and Licensing Status, IAEA (link
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copy)
Argentina Carries Torch for SMR Construction, American
Nuclear Society - NuclearNewswire 2014 (link
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copy)
CAREM: Argentina's Innovative SMR, Nuclear Engineering
International 2014 (link
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copy)
CAREM25, SMR Design and Technology Development in Argentina
and Status of the Construction of CAREM25 Prototype, IAEA 2019
(link
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copy)
Construction of Argentina's CAREM-25 Unit to Restart, World
Nuclear News 2021.pdf (link
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copy)
Argentina's CAREM-25 SMR Faces Setbacks, Nuclear Engineering
International 2024 (link
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copy)
CAREM SMR Argentinean Nuclear Power Plant - Argentina_gob_ar
2024 (link
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copy)
Licensed SMRs:
VOGYR / NuScale (PWR -
Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
NuScale Power, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
NuScale Plant Design Overview, NRC 2012 (link
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copy)
Safety and Security Concerns about Small Modular Reactors -
NuScale's Design, Union of Concerned Scientists 2013 (link
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copy)
NuScale Small Modular Reactor Overview, Nuscale - IAEA
download 2019 (link
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copy)
Nation's First Small Modular Reactor Plant to Power Nuclear
Research at Idaho National Laboratory - DOE 2019 (link
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copy)
NuScale Small Modular Nuclear Reactor Moves Another Step
Forward, Forbes Magazine 2021 (link
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copy)
Nuscale Small Modular Rector Fact Sheet, NuScale 2022 (link
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copy)
NRC Certifies First U.S. Small Modular Reactor Design, DOE
2023 (link
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Questions for NuScale VOYGR Reactor Certification,
Environmental Working Group 2023 (link
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copy)
Small Size, Big Problems: NuScale's Troublesome Small Modular
Nuclear Reactor Plan, Environmental Working Group 2023 (link
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copy)
SMART100 / KAERI (PWR -
Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
South Korea's SMART SMR Gets New Life, Neutron Bytes 2020 (link
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copy)
Enhanced Safety Characteristics of SMART100 Adopting Passive
Safety Systems, J. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2021 (link
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Current Status of the SMART100 Standard Design Approval,
Trans. Korean Nuc. Soc. Safety Mtg. 2022 (link
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copy)
South Korean SMR Design Approved by Regulator, World Nuclear
News 2024 (link
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copy)
SMRs undergoing Licensing Review:
SMR-300 / Holtec International (PWR
- Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
Holtec International, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Holtec’s SMR-300: A 300-MWe Walk-Away-Safe Nuclear Reactor,
Holtec (link
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SMR-300: The Next Generation Fission Reactor, Holtec Brochure
2023 (link
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copy)
Rolls Royce SMR / Rolls Royce
(PWR - Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
Rolls-Royce SMR, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Our Technology, Rolls-Royce (link
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copy)
Rolls-Royce SMR Faces Financial Problems, Nuclear Engineering
International 2023 (link
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copy)
Czech Republic Selects Rolls-Royce SMR for Small Reactors
Project, World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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copy)
Facility to Demonstrate Rolls-Royce SMR Module Production,
World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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copy)
SMRs at only Detailed Design stage:
ARC-100 / ARC Nuclear
(SFR - Sodium-cooled Fast-neutron Reactor):
ARC-100 Technical Overview,ARC Cleantech 2023 (link
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copy)
ARC-100 Passes Canadian Pre-licensing Milestone, World
Nuclear News 2019 (link
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copy)
BWRX-300 / GE Hitachi
(BWR - Boiling Water-cooled Reactor):
BWRX-300, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
BWRX-300 Small Modular Reactor - GE Hitachi (link
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copy)
BWRX-300 General Description - GE Hitachi 2023 (link
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copy)
BWRX-300 Completes Phases 1 and 2 of Canadian Pre-licensing
Review, World Nuclear News 2023 (link
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copy)
eVinci / Westinghouse (HPR
- Heat Pipe-cooled Reactor):
eVinci Microreactor, Westinghouse Nuclear (link
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copy)
eVinci Microreactor - The Next Generation Nuclear Research
Reactor, Westinghouse (link
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copy)
Executive Summary of the eVinci Micro-Reactor Deployment in
Mining and Remote Canadian Communities Feasibility Studies,
Westinghouse & Bruce Power 2021 (link
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copy)
Westinghouse micro-reactor feasible option for Canada, study
finds, World Nuclear News 2021 (link
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copy)
Westinghouse Secures First Customer for eVinci Nuclear
Microreactor, PowerMag 2023 (link
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copy)
The eVinci Microreactor: Power in Small Packages, Nuclear
Engineering International 2024 (link
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copy)
SSR-W / Moltex Energy (MSR - Molten
Salt-cooled Reactor):
Stable Salt Reactor, Wikipedia (link
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copy)
Waste Burning Burning Performance of the Moltex SSR-W,
Conference Paper, Moltex 2024 (link
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copy)
Moltex Reactor Can Consume Used Fuel, Research Confirms,
World Nuclear News 2024 (link
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copy)
4S / Toshiba (SFR -
Sodium-cooled Fast-neutron Reactor):
Toshiba 4S - Wikipedia (link
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cached copy)
Pursuing Next-Generation and Advanced Reactors with Enhanced
Safety, Toshiba (link
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copy)
Toshiba 4S Reactor Super-Safe Small and Simple, Toshiba
Presentation to the NRC 2007 (link
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copy)
Under The Hood With Duncan Williams - Toshiba 4S, Nuclear
Street 2010 (link
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copy)
AP300 / Westinghouse (PWR
- Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
Interest in Westinghouse AP300 Small Modular Reactor &
AP1000 Technology Surging in Europe as Slovakia Begins
Deployment Discussions, Westinghouse 2023 (link
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copy)
U.S. Firm Unveils Game-Changing Small Nuclear Reactor that
Can Power 300,000 homes, InterestingEngineering.com 2023 (link
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copy)
Westinghouse Unveils the AP300 - A Miniaturized AP1000 Small
Modular Nuclear Reactor, PowerMag 2023 (link
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copy)
Westinghouse Unveils Small Modular Nuclear Reactor, Reuters
2023 (link
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cached copy)
Bandi-60 / KEPCO (PWR -
Pressurized Water-cooled Reactor):
Development of BANDI-60S for a Floating Nuclear Power Plant,
Trans. Korean Nuc. Soc. Mtg., New Tech. Bus. Group 2019 (link
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copy)
Kepco E&C Teams up with Shipbuilder for Floating
Reactors, World Nuclear News 2020 (link
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BANDI-60 - Technology Features and Deployment Pathway, Kepco
presentation to IAEA 2021 (link
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ABS Approves Korean SMR Power Barge Design, World Nuclear
News 2023 (link
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IMSR400 / Terrestrial Energy
(MSR - Molten Salt-cooled Reactor):
Integral Molten Salt Reactor (Terrestrial Energy), Wikipedia
(link
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copy)
Integral Molten Salt Reactor, Terrestrial Energy (link
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copy)
The IMSR Plant Uses Demonstrated Molten Salt Reactor
Technology with Patented Enhancements for Commercial-scale
Thermal and Electrical Energy Generation, Terrestrial Energy (link
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copy)
Terrestrial Energy Launches 390-MW Molten Salt Nuclear
Reactor Design, PowerMag 2021 (link
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PRISM / GE Hitachi (FBR -
Fast-neutron Breeder Reactor):
PRISM (reactor), Wikipedia (link
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PRISM: A Competitive Small Modular Sodium-Cooled Reactor, GE
Hitachi 2010 (link
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How PRISM Works, GE Hitachi (link
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PRISM: A Promising Near-Term Reactor Option, PowerMag 2011 (link
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PRISM: Waste Not Want Not, Nuclear Engineering International
2017 (link
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PRISM Selected for U.S. Test Reactor Programme, World Nuclear
News 2018 (link
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